I loaded most of the remaining components today including all decoupling & bulk caps, the switching power supplies, and all four LDOs.
Power-on tests proved that all voltage rails are correct. After bypassing the USB/CPLD programming circuit I was able to detect the FPGA using Quartus via JTAG! That means the board is working perfectly (so far).
Next I'm going to try to bring up the USB/CPLD programming logic. Two interesting projects exist online: OpenJTAG and the ixo.de USB JTAG pod project. ixo.de's usb_jtag project looks like the simplest path. I will most likely start there and see if it works.